Gene interactions and pathways from curated databases and text-mining

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CASP14 — NFKB1

Text-mined interactions from Literome

Chakravortty et al., Infect Immun 2001 : Similarly, a caspase 3-specific inhibitor, Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone, inhibited NO production, NF-kappaB activation, and JNK/SAPK phosphorylation in LPS stimulated RAW cells
Neuzil et al., Biochemistry 2001 (Inflammation) : Our data infer a pathway by which caspase activation in EC inhibits NF kappa B-dependent inflammatory activation and monocyte recruitment, and provide evidence for a relationship between pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways
Yang et al., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001 (Fatty Liver) : Fatty liver vulnerability to endotoxin induced damage despite NF-kappaB induction and inhibited caspase 3 activation
Kühn et al., Arthritis Rheum 2001 : These results suggest that CD95 dependent cell death is enhanced by NF-kappaB inhibition at and/or downstream of caspase 8 activation and that caspase 9 activation is not involved in CD95 mediated apoptosis in chondrocytes
Hu et al., Cancer Res 2001 (Leukemia, Myeloid...) : Although Bay 11-7085 prevented phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, SN50, a specific inhibitor of nuclear translocation and function of NF-kappaB , did not induce any significant nuclear/DNA fragmentation, caspase 3 activation, or cell death
Kim et al., J Neurosci 2001 (Spinal Cord Injuries...) : NF-kappaB transactivates c-IAP2 to inhibit caspase-3 activation
Bernal et al., Blood 2001 (Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell) : The response includes inhibition of caspase activity, activation of NF-kappaB , and expression of mcl-1, bcl-2, and bfl-1 in the tumor cells
Cahir-McFarland et al., Recent Results Cancer Res 2002 (Cell Transformation, Viral) : NF-kappaB inhibition caused caspase 3 and 8 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis
Chen et al., J Dent Res 2002 (Carcinoma, Squamous Cell...) : Additionally, we found that the inhibition of NFkappaB by Adv-SR-IkappaBalpha enhanced TNF mediated caspase-8 and -3 activation
Salmond et al., Eur J Immunol 2002 : CD8+ T cell apoptosis induced by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit occurs via a novel pathway involving NF-kappaB dependent caspase activation
Schauvliege et al., J Biol Chem 2002 : Transient transfections with caspase-11 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs and deletion/mutation analysis revealed an essential role for NF-kappaB binding in the up-regulation of caspase-11 in response to LPS
Gumucio et al., Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002 (Autoimmune Diseases...) : ASC itself participates in at least three important cellular processes : apoptosis, recruitment and activation of pro-caspase-1 ( with associated processing and secretion of IL-1beta ), and activation of NF-kappaB ( a transcription factor involved in both initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response )
Shimada et al., Mol Carcinog 2002 (MAP Kinase Signaling System...) : We found that NFkappaB activation inhibited c-jun NH ( 2 ) -terminal kinase and caspase 3 activation induced by 4-HPR and that NFkappaB inhibition by the I kappa B alpha phosphorylation inhibitor compound Bay 117082 resulted in increasing sensitization of both PC-3 and DU145 lines to apoptosis induced by 4-HPR at low concentrations
Nitta et al., Cell Signal 2003 (Cell Transformation, Viral) : Moreover, LMP1 induced activation of caspase-3 via the activation of NF-kappaB
Shikama et al., Eur J Immunol 2003 : Caspase-8 and caspase-10 activate NF-kappaB through RIP, NIK and IKKalpha kinases
Kim et al., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003 (Helicobacter Infections) : The suppression of NF-kappaB significantly increased caspase-3 activity and apoptosis in H. pylori infected MKN-45 and Hs746T gastric epithelial cell lines as well as primary gastric epithelial cells
Lagunoff et al., Int Rev Immunol 2003 : Virally encoded genes inhibit the activation of caspase-8 by the TNF receptor and Fas ; activate NF-kappaB to increase expression of antiapoptotic genes ; inhibit interferon response ; bind to p53, thereby blocking p53 dependent apoptosis ; and interact with other pro- and antiapoptotic cellular genes
Deng et al., Cell 2003 : While activation of caspase 8 is required for TNFalpha induced apoptosis, and induction of NF-kappaB inhibits cell death, the precise function of JNK activation in TNFalpha signaling is not clearly understood
Cardoso et al., Free radical research 2003 (Alzheimer Disease) : In this study, we analyzed if NF-kB activation prevented cells from caspases-activation and we also observed that inhibition of NF-kB by PDTC induced an increase in caspase-3 and caspase-6 activation
Lamkanfi et al., J Biol Chem 2004 (MAP Kinase Signaling System) : In contrast to pro-IL-1beta maturation, caspase-1 induced NF-kappaB activation is not inhibited by the virus derived caspase-1 inhibitor cytokine response modifier A and is equally induced by the enzymatically inactive caspase-1 C285A mutant ... We demonstrate that caspase-1 interacts with RIP2 and that dominant negative forms of RIP2 and IkappaB kinase complex-beta inhibit caspase-1 mediated NF-kappaB activation
Hentze et al., Hepatology 2004 : CPT treatment completely abrogated the TNF induced NF-kappa B activation, and mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic factors TNF-receptor associated factor 2, FLICE-inhibitory protein, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein was also inhibited by CPT. The caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp- ( OMe ) -fluoromethylketone ( zVAD-fmk ) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp ( OMe ) -Glu ( OMe ) -Val-Asp ( OMe ) -chloromethylketone ( zDEVD-fmk ), as well as depletion of intracellular ATP by fructose prevented CPT/TNF induced apoptosis
Jiménez Del Río et al., Arch Med Res 2004 (Necrosis...) : Further evaluations comprised production of H2O2, generation of hydroxyl radical ( .OH ), disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential ( DeltaPsim ), caspase-3 activation, and activation of NF-kappaB and p53 transcriptional factors ... All metals induced mitochondrial depolarization ( 17-62 % nonfluorescent cells ) and activated caspase-3 concomitantly with apoptotic morphology ( 25-32 % AO/EB ) at 24 h, and neither NF-kappaB nor p53 transcription factor showed activation
Tantini et al., Amino Acids 2004 (MAP Kinase Signaling System) : Moreover, pharmacological NF-kappaB inhibition reduced the increase in caspase activity and cell death elicited by etoposide, suggesting that NF-kappaB is involved in signaling to apoptosis
Damiano et al., J Immunol 2004 : NAIP CIIA HET-E and TP1 (NACHT) family proteins are involved in sensing intracellular pathogens or pathogen derived molecules, triggering host defense responses resulting in caspase mediated processing of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation
Jun et al., Oncogene 2005 : Role of FLASH in caspase-8 mediated activation of NF-kappaB : dominant negative function of FLASH mutant in NF-kappaB signaling pathway ... Here, we addressed the role of endogenous caspase-8 in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induced activation of NF-kappaB ... Instead, caspase-8 ( D73A ) mutant bound to caspase-8 and blocked NF-kappaB activation triggered by TNF-alpha and caspase-8 ... Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous caspase-8 mediates TNF-alpha induced activation of NF-kappaB via FLASH
Moriuchi et al., Cancer Gene Ther 2005 (Brain Neoplasms...) : Following infection with TOIkappaB, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in U-87MG cells was significantly inhibited and caspase-3 activity increased compared with TOZ.1 infected cells
Hasegawa et al., J Biol Chem 2005 (Inflammation) : ASC mediated NF-kappaB activation leading to interleukin-8 production requires caspase-8 and is inhibited by CLARP ... The catalytic activity of caspase-8 was required for the ASC mediated NF-kappaB activation when caspase-8 was expressed at an endogenous level, although it was not essential when caspase-8 was overexpressed
Su et al., Science 2005 (Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes) : Requirement for caspase-8 in NF-kappaB activation by antigen receptor
Dohrman et al., J Immunol 2005 : Cellular FLIP ( long form ) regulates CD8+ T cell activation through caspase-8 dependent NF-kappa B activation
Cacicedo et al., Diabetes 2005 (Diabetic Retinopathy) : Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by various means inhibited caspase-3 activation
Yip et al., J Bone Miner Res 2005 (Calcium Signaling) : In this study, we showed a biphasic effect of TG on osteoclast formation and apoptosis through the regulation of ROS production, caspase-3 activity, cytosolic Ca2+, and RANKL induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activities
Cavin et al., Mol Cancer Res 2005 (Carcinoma, Hepatocellular...) : Lastly, we show that NF-kappaB inhibits c-Myc induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 through up-regulation of the antiapoptotic target genes Bcl-X ( L ) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)
Tang et al., Cancer Biol Ther 2005 : In the March 2005 issue of Science ( 2005 ; 307 : 1465-8 ), Su et al. provide compelling evidence supporting a role for caspase-8 in antigen receptor induced NF-kappaB activation
Takahashi et al., Genes Cells 2005 (Pancreatic Neoplasms) : We found that both NF-kappaB activation and Bcl-2 family proteins could prevent the 53BP2S mediated depression of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspase-9 , cleavage of poly ADP ribose polymerase ( PARP ), and cell death
Ma et al., J Biol Chem 2005 : When NF-kappaB activation was inhibited by a super-repressor, IkappaBalpha, the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide induced the activation of caspase 8, the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential ( DeltaPsim ), and apoptotic cell death in macrophages
Albee et al., Inflamm Res 2006 (Inflammation) : E. coli infection induces caspase dependent degradation of NF-kappaB and reduces the inflammatory response in macrophages ... Inhibition of caspase activity resulted in increased DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB and enhanced production of NF-kappaB dependent reporter gene expression following infection ... Further, suppression of caspase activity reduced the proteolytic cleavage of NF-kappaB ... These data indicate that infection of macrophages with E. coli induces a caspase dependent inhibition of NF-kappaB that results in a reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impaired clearance of bacteria
He et al., J Biol Chem 2006 : TRAF6 regulates cell fate decisions by inducing caspase 8-dependent apoptosis and the activation of NF-kappaB
Dieperink et al., Pediatr Res 2006 (Hyperoxia) : Inhibition of NF-kappaB prevented the hyperoxia induced activation of caspase 3
Hu et al., Mol Cell Biol 2006 (Breast Neoplasms...) : We found, however, that inhibiting NF-kappaB significantly decreased ER stress induced cell death in a caspase-8 dependent manner
Khera et al., Lab Invest 2006 : Culture of cells in the presence of 25 mM D-glucose ( i ) enhanced apoptosis stimulated by serum depletion, ( ii ) enhanced activation of caspase-3 , ( iii ) inhibited NF-kappaB activation, and ( iv ) decreased Bcl-2 : Bax ratio
Mohan et al., J Biol Chem 2006 (Colonic Neoplasms) : The upstream activation of caspase-2 is not dependent on its antioxidant property or NF-kappaB inhibition
Lamkanfi et al., J Cell Biol 2006 : Caspases leave the beaten track : caspase mediated activation of NF-kappaB
Eisner et al., FEBS Lett 2006 : We conclude that hyperosmotic stress activates p65 and RelB NFkappaB isoforms and NFkappaB mediates caspase 9 activation in cardiomyocytes
Wong et al., Clin Immunol 2006 : The inhibition is caspase dependent since an inhibitor of caspase activation, DEVD, can block the suppression of NF-kappaB activity following crosslinking of Fas
Han et al., Free Radic Biol Med 2006 : The TNF induced apoptosis seems to occur only in a certain redox range -- in which redox changes can inhibit NF-kappaB activity but not completely inhibit caspase activity
Jiang et al., FASEB J 2006 (Colonic Neoplasms...) : Stable expression of IKBSR, a known repressor of NF-kappaB activation, and cellular caspase-8-like inhibitory protein ( cFLIP ) inhibited activation of NF-kappaB in cancer cell media treated muscle cells with an accompanying enhancement of myogenic protein expression and differentiation
Kilpatrick et al., J Leukoc Biol 2006 (MAP Kinase Signaling System) : delta-PKC associates with TNFR-1 in response to TNF and is required for NFkappaB activation and inhibition of caspase 3
Oh et al., J Biomed Sci 2007 : HeLa cells treated with phytoglycoprotein ( 150 kDa ) were killed by activation of caspase 3 via inhibitory activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1
Lemmers et al., J Biol Chem 2007 (Rhabdoviridae Infections) : Essential role for caspase-8 in Toll-like receptors and NFkappaB signaling
Ou et al., Arch Toxicol 2007 : Furthermore, several apoptotic signaling pathways which showed NF-kappaB activation, increased cytosolic calcium, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and activation of caspase 3 were also investigated
Miggin et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 : NF-kappaB activation by the Toll-IL-1 receptor domain protein MyD88 adapter-like is regulated by caspase-1 ... However, we found that Mal was cleaved by caspase-1 and that inhibition of caspase-1 activity blocked TLR2- and TLR4 mediated NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase activation but not IL-1 or TLR7 signaling, which are Mal independent
He et al., Cell Signal 2007 : NF-kappaB inhibition enhances caspase-3 degradation of Akt1 and apoptosis in response to camptothecin ... NF-kappaB inhibition by Pro1, dominant negative mutant IkappaBalpha ( S32/36 ) or p65 ( N250 ), however, induced the caspase-3 activation in the normal cells, indicating the role of ATM mediated NF-kappaB activation against cell apoptosis
Misra et al., J Biol Chem 2007 (Alstrom Syndrome) : Consistent with this observation, inhibition of caspase activity attenuates NF-kappaB activation
Zhao et al., Exp Hematol 2007 (Lymphoma, B-Cell) : In addition, SAHA induced IkappaBalpha cleavage to a stable inhibitory form and caused NF-kappaB degradation in response to caspase-3 activation
Wang et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 2007 : We further show that overexpression of caspase-10g dramatically enhances NF-kappaB activity in a dose- and time dependent manner
Cruz et al., Infect Immun 2008 (Inflammation...) : Our combined results demonstrate that B. burgdorferi confined to phagolysosomes is a potent inducer of cytosolic signals that result in ( i ) production of NF-kappaB dependent cytokines, ( ii ) assembly of the inflammasome and activation of caspase-1 , and ( iii ) induction of programmed cell death
Lee et al., Mol Cancer Ther 2007 (Colonic Neoplasms) : In addition, caspase-3 inhibitor reduced epothilone B-induced cell death and NF-kappaB activation
Bhoopathi et al., J Biol Chem 2008 (MAP Kinase Signaling System...) : ERK inhibition, using a kinase-dead mutant for ERK, ameliorated NF-kappaB activation and caspase mediated apoptosis in Ad-MMP-9 infected cells
Kersse et al., Biochem Soc Trans 2007 (Inflammation) : Furthermore, we discuss the functional characteristics of the caspase-1 related CARD-only proteins in relation to caspase-1 mediated IL-1beta maturation and NF-kappaB activation
Lakshmanan et al., J Immunol 2007 : Because a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor blocked LPS induced IL-8 and CCL4 mRNA expression as well as IL-8 and CCL4 secretion in THP1 cells, we investigated the role of caspase-4 in NF-kappaB signaling
Hinshaw-Makepeace et al., Eur J Immunol 2008 : Effective stimulation of NF-kappaB in T cells following TCR ligation requires the activity of caspase-8
Chuang et al., In Vivo 2007 (Uterine Cervical Neoplasms) : Coumarin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells through a mitochondria- and caspase-3 dependent mechanism and NF-kappaB down-regulation
Gartner et al., Vaccine 2008 : Transient transfection showed that the mutated caspase induced slow apoptosis, normal protein expression and NF-kappaB activation while wild-type caspase induced rapid apoptosis, lower protein expression and no NF-kappaB activation
Al-Lamki et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 (Nephritis) : Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation increased TL1A mediated caspase-3 activation and apoptosis of TEC, but it did not reduce the induction of TNFR2
Ballaun et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008 : Transcription of the caspase-14 gene in human epidermal keratinocytes requires AP-1 and NFkappaB ... Our data reveal the basic organization of the human caspase-14 promoter and suggest an important role of AP-1 and NFkappaB in the transcriptional control of caspase-14
Bren et al., PloS one 2008 (Alstrom Syndrome) : Given the independent observations that acute T cell HIV-1 infection results in ( 1 ) NF-kappaB activation, ( 2 ) caspase 8 dependent apoptosis, and that ( 3 ) caspase 8 directly activates NF-kappaB , we questioned whether these three events might be interrelated ... Finally, we demonstrate that the HIV protease cleavage of caspase 8 is necessary for optimal NF-kappaB activation and that the HIV-1 protease specific cleavage fragment Casp8p41 is sufficient to stimulate HIV-1 replication through NF-kappaB dependent HIV-LTR activation both in vitro as well as in cells from HIV infected donors
Kin et al., Shock 2008 : Compared with Control, Postcon also inhibited translocation of NF-kappa B to nuclei ( 167 % +/- 21 % vs. 142 % +/- 18 % * ), decreased the level of plasma TNF-alpha ( 1,994 +/- 447 vs. 667 +/- 130* pg/mL ), and inhibited caspase-3 activity ( 0.57 % +/- 0.1 % vs. 0.21 % +/- 0.1 % * )
Chae et al., Blood 2008 (Familial Mediterranean Fever) : The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, is cleaved by caspase-1 and activates NF-kappaB through its N-terminal fragment
Bednarski et al., Mol Cancer Ther 2008 : The inhibition of doxorubicin induced NF-kappaB activation by the knockdown of either catalytic subunit resulted in increased cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase and increased apoptosis when compared with doxorubicin alone
Pacheco-Palencia et al., J Agric Food Chem 2008 (Skin Diseases) : Pomegranate extract ( PE ), in a range from 5 to 60 mg/L, was effective at protecting human skin fibroblasts from cell death following UV exposure, likely related to a reduced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB , a downregulation of proapoptotic caspase-3 , and an increased G0/G1 phase, associated with DNA repair
Maelfait et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2008 : Here we review the role of caspase-8 in embryonic development, monocyte differentiation, T and B cell proliferation, and the activation of NF-kappaB
Moon et al., Cancer Lett 2009 (Neoplasms) : Sulforaphane suppresses TNF-alpha mediated activation of NF-kappaB and induces apoptosis through activation of reactive oxygen species dependent caspase-3 ... In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that SFN suppresses TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB activity and induces apoptosis through activation of ROS dependent caspase-3
Zhang et al., Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009 (Adrenal Gland Neoplasms...) : The inhibition of NF-kappaB by TPCK enhanced caspase 3 activity induced by 300 micromol/L H(2)O ( 2 )
Mustonen et al., Dig Dis Sci 2009 : Taurocholate potentiates ethanol induced NF-kappaB activation and inhibits caspase-3 activity in cultured rat gastric mucosal cells
Ge et al., Biol Reprod 2009 : On the other hand, inhibition of EGFR, Ca ( 2+ ) /PKC, or NFKB1 abolished the EGF stimulated increase in the expression of cyclins CCND1 and CCNE1, cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), CDK2, and BCL2, and restored the EGF induced inhibition of BAX expression and caspase 3/9 activity, indicating that EGFR, PKC, and NFKB1 signaling cascades were involved in EGF stimulated DNA synthesis and antiapoptosis action
Kim et al., Bone 2009 (Bone Resorption) : Furthermore, Western blotting showed that HSP60 up-regulated TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression, and pretreatment with blocking antibodies for TLR-2 and TLR-4 almost completely eliminated the effects of HSP60 on apoptosis, caspase-3 and -9 activation, and activation of NFkappaB and p38 MAPK
Shan et al., Mol Cell Biochem 2009 : Interestingly, our data demonstrated that RIOK3 suppressed caspase-10 mediated NF-kappaB activation by competing RIP1 and NIK to bind to caspase-10
Montecucco et al., J Biomed Biotechnol 2009 (Inflammation) : Oxaprozin pro-apoptotic activity was associated with the inhibition of CD40L triggered Akt and NF-kappaB phosphorylation and the activation of caspase 3
Connelly et al., J Cell Physiol 2010 (Disease Models, Animal...) : We found that activation of NF-kappaB during involution resulted in a more rapid reduction in milk levels and increased cleavage of caspase-3 , an indicator of apoptosis
Harder et al., J Immunol 2009 (Disease Models, Animal...) : These results indicate that caspase-1 activation in response to S. pyogenes infection requires NF-kappaB and the virulence factor streptolysin O, but proceeds independently of P2X7R and TLR signaling
Henrotin et al., Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010 (Inflammation...) : Curcumin blocks IL-1beta induced proteoglycan degradation, AP-1/NF-kappaB signalling, chondrocyte apoptosis and activation of caspase-3
Chang et al., Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 2009 : The proteolytic activity of caspase 8 was required for the NF-kappaB activity
Roccaro et al., Blood 2010 (Lymphoma...) : Primary WM cells express higher level of i20S compared with c20S, and that ONX0912 inhibited the CT-L activity of both i20S and c20S, leading to induction of toxicity in primary WM cells, as well as of apoptosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibition , caspase cleavage, and initiation of the unfolded protein response
Park et al., Toxicol In Vitro 2010 (Carcinoma, Squamous Cell...) : These findings collectively suggest that aspirin induces apoptosis in YD-8 cells and the induction may be correlated to activation of caspases, caspase dependent Mcl-1 proteolysis, inactivation of ERK-1/2 and AKT, and activation of NF-kappaB
Liang et al., Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2010 : The expression levels of caspase-3 and bax after co-treatment of GA and Fe3O4-MNP were higher than that exposed to GA or Fe3O4-MNP alone, but the expressions of bcl-2, NF-kappaB and survivin were down-regulated
Ehrenschwender et al., Cell Death Differ 2010 (Neoplasm Invasiveness) : NFkappaB activation and adoption of amoeboid shape were inhibited by caspase-8 knockdown or FLIP-S expression, but only the cell morphology alterations required caspase-8 activity
Li et al., Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2010 : The mechanism of apoptosis may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of NF-kappaB and the activation of caspase 3
Wang et al., Microb Pathog 2010 : Collectively, these data define a pathway that infection of primary monocytes and U937 cells with S. aureus induces a caspase dependent inhibition of NF-kappaB
Wu et al., Biochem Cell Biol 2010 (Carcinoma, Hepatocellular...) : Inhibition of NF-kappaB by PDTC decreased NF-kappaB p65 expression, enhanced cell apoptosis ratio, and increased caspase-3 activity
Gentle et al., J Biol Chem 2011 : In TNF stimulated cells, RIPK1 promotes cell survival by stabilizing TRAF2 and cIAP1, which limits induction of non-canonical NF-kappaB and activation of caspase-8
Langone et al., Int J Cancer 2012 (Brain Neoplasms...) : Furthermore, overexpression of NF-kB in the B16F10 cells blocked adduct evoked stimulation of caspase-3/7 activity