Duffy et al., Biol Reprod 2003
:
When granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles were exposed to recombinant GDF-9 in culture, GDF-9 increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in culture medium
Shao et al., Blood 2009
:
Transforming growth factor beta1 ( TGFbeta1 ) and bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) enhanced and suppressed VEGF expression, respectively, in aortic endothelial cells, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, cell proliferation, and tube formation