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Joulia et al., Exp Cell Res 2003
:
We found that
myostatin overexpression
increases p21 and p53 expression, as it does accumulation of hypophosphorylated Rb. Interestingly, myostatin overexpression strongly reduced low-mitogen induced apoptosis, whereas antisense expression induced contrary changes
McCroskery et al., J Cell Biol 2003
:
Cell cycle analysis confirms that
Myostatin up-regulated
p21 , a Cdk inhibitor, and decreased the levels and activity of Cdk2 protein in satellite cells
Philip et al., Cell Signal 2005
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Furthermore, we found that the p38 MAPK played an important role in
GDF-8 induced inhibition of proliferation and upregulation of the cyclin kinase inhibitor
p21
Huang et al., Cell Signal 2007
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We also found that blocking JNK signaling pathway by pretreatment with JNK specific inhibitor SP600125, attenuated
myostatin induced upregulation of
p21 and downregulation of the differentiation marker gene expression
Manickam et al., Mol Reprod Dev 2008
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However, in contrast to muscle cells,
GDF-8 neither reduces proliferation nor
induces p21 expression levels in mammary epithelial cells
Z Hosaka et al., Biomed Res 2012
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Moreover, myostatin receptor, activin receptor type-2B ( ActRIIB ), was found to be distributed on cells and it was also clarified that
myostatin increased the expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor
p21 ( p21 )